The AAAI 2022 Spring Symposium „How Fair is Fair? Achieving Wellbeing AI“ will be held March 21-23 at Stanford University. The symposium website states: „What are the ultimate outcomes of artificial intelligence? AI has the incredible potential to improve the quality of human life, but it also presents unintended risks and harms to society. The goal of this symposium is (1) to combine perspectives from the humanities and social sciences with technical approaches to AI and (2) to explore new metrics of success for wellbeing AI, in contrast to ‚productive AI‘, which prioritizes economic incentives and values.“ (Website „How Fair is Fair“) After two years of pandemics, the AAAI Spring Symposia are once again being held in part locally. However, several organizers have opted to hold them online. „How fair is fair“ is a hybrid event. On site speakers include Takashi Kido, Oliver Bendel, Robert Reynolds, Stelios Boulitsakis-Logothetis, and Thomas Goolsby. The figure below shows a part of the program with the presentations of the mornings and early afternoons of March 21 and 22. More information via sites.google.com/view/hfif-aaai-2022/program.
Robophilosophy 2022 is the fifth event in the biennial Robophilosophy Conference Series. The first call for papers (CfP) was published in November 2021, the second at the end of 2021, and the final on February 25, 2022. The extended deadline for submissions of extended abstracts and full papers is March 10, 2022. The event „will explore the societal significance of social robots for the future of social institutions with its usual broad scope, embracing both theoretical and practical angles“ (CfP Robophilosophy). It „is an invitation to philosophers and other SSH researchers, as well as researchers in social robotics and HRI, to investigate from interdisciplinarily informed perspectives whether and how social robotics as an interdisciplinary endeavour can contribute to the ability of our institutions to perform their functions in society“ (CfP Robophilosophy). Topics of interest are robots and social institutions in general, robots in law and policing, robots in healthcare, and robots and social justice, amongst others. The conference will be held at the University of Helsinki in Finland from August 16-19, 2022. More information via www.rp2022.org.
The Ethics of Conversational User Interfaces workshop at the ACM CHI 2022 conference „will consolidate ethics-related research of the past and set the agenda for future CUI research on ethics going forward“. „This builds on previous CUI workshops exploring theories and methods, grand challenges and future design perspectives, and collaborative interactions.“ (CfP CUI) From the Call for Papers: „In what ways can we advance our research on conversational user interfaces (CUIs) by including considerations on ethics? As CUIs, like Amazon Alexa or chatbots, become commonplace, discussions on how they can be designed in an ethical manner or how they change our views on ethics of technology should be topics we engage with as a community.“ (CfP CUI) Paper submission deadline is 24 February 2022. The workshop is scheduled to take place in New Orleans on 21 April 2022. More information is available via www.conversationaluserinterfaces.org/workshops/CHI2022/.
Robophilosophy 2022 is the fifth event in the biennial Robophilosophy Conference Series. The first call for papers (CfP) was published in November 2021, and the second at the end of 2021. The extended deadline for submissions of extended abstracts and full papers is February 28, 2022. The event „will explore the societal significance of social robots for the future of social institutions with its usual broad scope, embracing both theoretical and practical angles“ (CfP Robophilosophy). It „is an invitation to philosophers and other SSH researchers, as well as researchers in social robotics and HRI, to investigate from interdisciplinarily informed perspectives whether and how social robotics as an interdisciplinary endeavour can contribute to the ability of our institutions to perform their functions in society“ (CfP Robophilosophy). Topics of interest are robots and social institutions in general, robots in law and policing, robots in healthcare, and robots and social justice, amongst others. The conference will be held at the University of Helsinki in Finland from August 16-19, 2022. More information via www.rp2022.org.
The paper „The SPACE THEA Project“ by Martin Spathelf and Oliver Bendel was accepted at the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposia (Stanford University). The two authors will present it at the end of March 2022 at the symposium „How Fair is Fair? Achieving Wellbeing AI“. From the abstract: „In some situations, no professional human contact can be available. Accordingly, one remains alone with one’s problems and fears. A manned Mars flight is certainly such a situation. A voice assistant that shows empathy and assists the astronauts could be a solution. In the SPACE THEA project, a prototype with such capabilities was developed using Google Assistant and Dialogflow Essentials. The voice assistant has a personality based on characteristics such as functional intelligence, sincerity, creativity, and emotional intelligence. It proves itself in seven different scenarios designed to represent the daily lives of astronauts, addressing operational crises and human problems. The paper describes the seven scenarios in detail, and lists technical and conceptual foundations of the voice assistant. Finally, the most important results are stated and the chapters are summarized.“ More information about the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposia is available here.
The paper „Should Social Robots in Retail Manipulate Customers?“ by Oliver Bendel and Liliana Margarida Dos Santos Alves was accepted at the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposia (Stanford University). The two authors will present it at the end of March 2022 at the symposium „How Fair is Fair? Achieving Wellbeing AI“. From the abstract: „Against the backdrop of structural changes in the retail trade, social robots have found their way into retail stores and shopping malls in order to attract, welcome, and greet customers; to inform them, advise them, and persuade them to make a purchase. Salespeople often have a broad knowledge of their product and rely on offering competent and honest advice, whether it be on shoes, clothing, or kitchen appliances. However, some frequently use sales tricks to secure purchases. The question arises of how consulting and sales robots should ‚behave‘. Should they behave like human advisors and salespeople, i.e., occasionally manipulate customers? Or should they be more honest and reliable than us? This article tries to answer these questions. After explaining the basics, it evaluates a study in this context and gives recommendations for companies that want to use consulting and sales robots. Ultimately, fair, honest, and trustworthy robots in retail are a win-win situation for all concerned.“ More information about the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposia is available here.
The 17th International Architecture Exhibition – the whole series, the art part included, is known under the name La Biennale di Venezia – ran from 22 May to 21 November 2021, curated by scholar and architect Hashim Sarkis. Its motto was „How will we live together?“. „We need a new spatial contract. In the context of widening political divides and growing economic inequalities, we call on architects to imagine spaces in which we can generously live together“, Sarkis said to the organizers (s. Website Biennale). „Hashim Sarkis has been Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) since 2015. He earned a Bachelor of Architecture and a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the Rhode Island School of Design, and a PhD in Architecture from Harvard University.“ (Website Biennale) Biennial themes ranged from architecture’s responses to climate change to proposals for living on other planets to the interactions between smart cities or smart houses and cyborgs. Ethical issues were repeatedly addressed.
„Sind soziale Roboter verlässliche Partner? Fünf Dimensionen des Gelingens und Scheiterns“ – so lautet der Titel eines Beitrags von Oliver Bendel, der im Sammelband „Kooperation in der digitalen Arbeitswelt: Verlässliche Führung in Zeiten virtueller Kommunikation“ (Hrsg. Olaf Geramanis, Stefan Hutmacher und Lukas Walser, Springer Gabler 2021) erschienen ist. Aus dem Abstract: „Soziale Roboter, sensomotorische Maschinen, die für den Umgang mit Menschen und Tieren geschaffen wurden, verbreiten sich rasant. Der vorliegende Beitrag lotet zunächst den Begriff aus, unter Verwendung einer Abbildung mit fünf Dimensionen, und stellt Beispiele vor. Zudem wird geklärt, was in diesem Kontext unter Verlässlichkeit zu verstehen ist und welche Disziplinen von Interesse sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Verlässlichkeit sozialer Roboter diskutiert, wobei sich als durchgehende Aspekte das Zeigen von Intelligenz, Empathie und Emotionen sowie das Sammeln von Daten herauskristallisieren. Soziale Roboter gewinnen Menschen (und Tiere) mit wohlvertrauten Ausdrucks- und Verhaltensweisen für sich. Dadurch kann ein wichtiges Element von Beziehungen und Bindungen entstehen, aber auch die Gefahr von Täuschung und Betrug. Es wird herausgearbeitet, wie soziale Roboter einerseits verlässliche, zuverlässige, vertrauenswürdige Partner sind, andererseits das Gegenteil, da ihnen echte Emotionen und echte Empathie fehlen, sie nur ein simuliertes Gegenüber darstellen und sie dazu prädestiniert sind, uns unsere Geheimnisse zu entreißen.“ Der Begleitband zur Changetagung im Januar 2022 – bei der Oliver Bendel eine Keynote hält – kann über Springer erworben werden. Das Kapitel selbst kann man auch direkt über SpringerLink herunterladen.
Abb.: Oliver Bendel im Jahre 2014 beim FAZ-Forum (Foto: FAZ-Forum)
A group of about 50 scientists from all over the world worked for one week (September 19 – 24, 2021) at Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik on the topic „Conversational Agent as Trustworthy Autonomous System (Trust-CA)“. Half were on site, the other half were connected via Zoom. Organizers of this event were Asbjørn Følstad (SINTEF – Oslo), Jonathan Grudin (Microsoft – Redmond), Effie Lai-Chong Law (University of Leicester), and Björn Schuller (University of Augsburg). On-site participants from Germany and Switzerland included Elisabeth André (University of Augsburg), Stefan Schaffer (DFKI), Sebastian Hobert (University of Göttingen), Matthias Kraus (University of Ulm), and Oliver Bendel (School of Business FHNW). The complete list of participants can be found on the Schloss Dagstuhl website, as well as some pictures. Oliver Bendel presented projects from ten years of research in machine ethics, namely GOODBOT, LIEBOT, BESTBOT, MOME, and SPACE-THEA. Further information is available here.
Fig.: On-site participants in front of Schloss Dagstuhl (photo: Schloss Dagstuhl)
Das Forum Wirtschaftspsychologie 2021 am 25. November 2021 im Stadttheater Olten widmet sich sozialen Robotern. Im Programmtext heißt es: „Soziale Roboter werden gezielt für die Kommunikation und die Zusammenarbeit mit Menschen entwickelt. Mittels künstlicher Intelligenz können sie bei ihren menschlichen Interaktionspartnerinnen und -partnern Gefühle erkennen, Sprache verstehen und adäquat darauf reagieren. Sie haben maschinen-, tier- oder menschenähnliche Gestalt und können emotional oder sachlich kommunizieren.“ (Programmtext FWP) Nach dem Impulsvortrag von Prof. Dr. Hartmut Schulze (Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie FHNW) diskutieren Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel (Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW), Michael Früh (F&P Robotics), Dr. Patricia Jungo (CURAVIVA Schweiz) und Prof. Dr. Hartmut Schulze auf dem Podium. Die Moderation hat Ulrike Seminati (Empowerel) inne. Die Anmeldung erfolgt über www.forum-wirtschaftspsychologie.ch.
Abb.: Oliver Bendel bei einem Kongress von Hans-Böckler-Stiftung und verd.i in Berlin (Foto: ver.di)
Semi-autonomous machines, autonomous machines and robots inhabit closed, semi-closed and open environments, more structured environments like the household or more unstructured environments like cultural landscapes or the wilderness. There they encounter domestic animals, farm animals, working animals, and wild animals. These creatures could be disturbed, displaced, injured, or killed by the machines. Within the context of machine ethics and social robotics, the School of Business FHNW developed several design studies and prototypes for animal-friendly machines, which can be understood as moral and social machines in the spirit of these disciplines. In 2019-20, a team led by Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel developed a prototype robot lawnmower that can recognize hedgehogs, interrupt its work for them and thus protect them. Every year many of these animals die worldwide because of traditional service robots. HAPPY HEDGEHOG (HHH), as the invention is called, could be a solution to this problem. This article begins by providing an introduction to the background. Then it focuses on navigation (where the machine comes across certain objects that need to be recognized) and thermal and image recognition (with the help of machine learning) of the machine. It also presents obvious weaknesses and possible improvements. The results could be relevant for an industry that wants to market their products as animal-friendly machines. The paper „The HAPPY HEDGEHOG Project“ is available here.
„Die Changetagung 8 vom 27./28. Januar 2022 in Basel lotet aus, wie es um das Verhältnis von Kooperation, Verlässlichkeit und Steuerung in Zeiten der Digitalisierung bestellt ist.“ (Website Changetagung) Mit diesen Worten wird die nächste Ausgabe der Changetagung angekündigt. Eine der Keynotes stammt von Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel und trägt den Titel „Sind soziale Roboter verlässliche Partner? Fünf Dimensionen des Gelingens und Scheiterns“. Aus dem Abstract: „Der Beitrag widmet sich zunächst der Definition und den Merkmalen sozialer Roboter und stellt Beispiele aus verschiedenen Bereichen vor. Soziale Roboter sind sensomotorische Maschinen, die für den Umgang mit Menschen oder Tieren geschaffen wurden. Beispiele sind Spielzeugroboter wie Cozmo, Therapieroboter wie Paro, Pflegeroboter wie Lio und P-Care sowie Sexroboter wie Harmony. Soziale Roboter gewinnen Menschen und Tiere mit wohlvertrauten Verhaltensweisen für sich. Aus technischer und funktionaler Sicht sind simulierte Emotionen und simulierte Empathie zur Erreichung des Nutzens für Menschen wichtig, ebenso aus psychologischer, wenn Beziehungen initiiert und etabliert werden sollen. Aus philosophischer und speziell ethischer Sicht stellen sich freilich auch Fragen zu Täuschung und Betrug sowie zur informationellen Autonomie. Genau diesen geht der Beitrag, ausgehend von den Merkmalen und Beispielen sozialer Roboter, dann nach. Er arbeitet heraus, wie soziale Roboter einerseits verlässliche Partner sind, andererseits das Gegenteil, da ihnen echte Emotionen und echte Empathie fehlen, sie nur ein simuliertes Gegenüber darstellen und sie dazu prädestiniert sind, uns unsere Geheimnisse zu entreißen.“ Das vollständige Programm ist hier einsehbar.
The symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“ will be held within the AAAI Spring Symposia on March 22-23, 2021. One of the presentations is titled „Care Robots with Sexual Assistance Functions“. Author of the paper is Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. From the abstract: „Residents in retirement and nursing homes have sexual needs just like other people. However, the semi-public situation makes it difficult for them to satisfy these existential concerns. In addition, they may not be able to meet a suitable partner or find it difficult to have a relationship for mental or physical reasons. People who live or are cared for at home can also be affected by this problem. Perhaps they can host someone more easily and discreetly than the residents of a health facility, but some elderly and disabled people may be restricted in some ways. This article examines the opportunities and risks that arise with regard to care robots with sexual assistance functions. First of all, it deals with sexual well-being. Then it presents robotic systems ranging from sex robots to care robots. Finally, the focus is on care robots, with the author exploring technical and design issues. A brief ethical discussion completes the article. The result is that care robots with sexual assistance functions could be an enrichment of the everyday life of people in need of care, but that we also have to consider some technical, design and moral aspects.“ More information about the AAAI Spring Symposia is available at aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss21.php.
After several postponements, the symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“ will be held within the AAAI Spring Symposia on March 22-23, 2021. One of the presentations is titled „Co-Robots as Care Robots“ (co-robots are also called cobots). The authors of the paper are Oliver Bendel, Alina Gasser, and Joel Siebenmann. From the abstract: „Cooperation and collaboration robots, co-robots or cobots for short, are an integral part of factories. For example, they work closely with the fitters in the automotive sector, and everyone does what they do best. However, the novel robots are not only relevant in production and logistics, but also in the service sector, especially where proximity between them and the users is desired or unavoidable. For decades, individual solutions of a very different kind have been developed in care. Now experts are increasingly relying on co-robots and teaching them the special tasks that are involved in care or therapy. This article presents the advantages, but also the disadvantages of co-robots in care and support, and provides information with regard to human-robot interaction and communication. The article is based on a model that has already been tested in various nursing and retirement homes, namely Lio from F&P Robotics, and uses results from accompanying studies. The authors can show that co-robots are ideal for care and support in many ways. Of course, it is also important to consider a few points in order to guarantee functionality and acceptance.“ More information about the AAAI Spring Symposia is available at aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss21.php.
The paper „The HAPPY HEDGEHOG Project“ by Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel, Emanuel Graf and Kevin Bollier was accepted at the AAAI Spring Symposia 2021. The researchers will present it at the sub-conference „Machine Learning for Mobile Robot Navigation in the Wild“ at the end of March. The project was conducted at the School of Business FHNW between June 2019 and January 2020. Emanuel Graf, Kevin Bollier, Michel Beugger and Vay Lien Chang developed a prototype of a mowing robot in the context of machine ethics and social robotics, which stops its work as soon as it detects a hedgehog. HHH has a thermal imaging camera. When it encounters a warm object, it uses image recognition to investigate it further. At night, a lamp mounted on top helps. After training with hundreds of photos, HHH can quite accurately identify a hedgehog. With this artifact, the team provides a solution to a problem that frequently occurs in practice. Commercial robotic mowers repeatedly kill young hedgehogs in the dark. HAPPY HEDGEHOG could help to save them. The video on in the corresponding section of this website shows it without disguise. The robot is in the tradition of LADYBIRD.
In the fall of 2021, a five-day workshop on trustworthy conversational agents will be held at Schloss Dagstuhl. Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel is among the invited participants. According to the website, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics pursues its mission of furthering world class research in computer science by facilitating communication and interaction between researchers. Oliver Bendel and his teams have developed several chatbots like GOODBOT, LIEBOT and BESTBOT in the context of machine ethics since 2013, which were presented at conferences at Stanford University and Jagiellonian University and received international attention. Since the beginning of 2020, he has been preparing to develop several voice assistants that can show empathy and emotion. „Schloss Dagstuhl was founded in 1990 and quickly became established as one of the world’s premier meeting centers for informatics research. Since the very first days of Schloss Dagstuhl, the seminar and workshop meeting program has always been the focus of its programmatic work. In recent years, Schloss Dagstuhl has expanded its operation and also has significant efforts underway in bibliographic services … and in open access publishing.“ (Website Schloss Dagstuhl)
From 18 to 21 August 2020, the Robophilosophy conference took place. Due to the pandemic, participants could not meet in Aarhus as originally planned, but only in virtual space. Nevertheless, the conference was a complete success. At the end of the year, the conference proceedings were published by IOS Press, including the paper „The Morality Menu Project“ by Oliver Bendel. From the abstract: „The discipline of machine ethics examines, designs and produces moral machines. The artificial morality is usually pre-programmed by a manufacturer or developer. However, another approach is the more flexible morality menu (MOME). With this, owners or users replicate their own moral preferences onto a machine. A team at the FHNW implemented a MOME for MOBO (a chatbot) in 2019/2020. In this article, the author introduces the idea of the MOME, presents the MOBO-MOME project and discusses advantages and disadvantages of such an approach. It turns out that a morality menu could be a valuable extension for certain moral machines.“ The book can be ordered on the publisher’s website. An author’s copy is available here.
The book „Culturally Sustainable Social Robotics“ (eds. Marco Nørskov, Johanna Seibt, and Oliver Santiago Quick) was published in December 2020 by IOS Press. From the publisher’s information: „Robophilosophy conferences have been the world’s largest venues for humanities research in and on social robotics. The book at hand presents the proceedings of Robophilosophy Conference 2020: Culturally Sustainable Social Robotics, the fourth event in the international, biennial Robophilosophy Conference Series, which brought together close to 400 participants from 29 countries. The speakers of the conference, whose contributions are collected in this volume, were invited to offer concrete proposals for how the Humanities can help to shape a future where social robotics is guided by the goals of enhancing socio-cultural values rather than by utility alone. The book is divided into 3 parts; Abstracts of Plenaries, which contains 6 plenary sessions; Session Papers, with 44 papers under 8 thematic categories; and Workshops, containing 25 items on 5 selected topics.“ (Website IOS Press) Contributors include Robert Sparrow, Alan Winfield, Aimee van Wynsberghe, John Danaher, Johanna Seibt, Marco Nørskov, Peter Remmers, John P. Sullins, and Oliver Bendel.
Fig.: A photo from the 2018 conference (with Hiroshi Ishiguro)
Die Emmy Noether Research Group „The Phenomenon of Interaction in Human-Machine Interaction“ und das Institut für Ethik, Geschichte und Theorie der Medizin (LMU München) veranstalten eine Vortragsreihe zu – so die Auskunft auf der Website – einigen der drängendsten Fragen, die sich im Zusammenhang mit der Umsetzung und Nutzung der KI in der Medizin stellen. Jeder Termin besteht aus drei kurzen Vorträgen renommierter Experten auf dem jeweiligen Gebiet, gefolgt von einer Diskussion am Round Table. Alle Vorträge werden bis auf weiteres online (Zoom) gehalten (Website der Forschungsgruppe). Am 19. November 2020 (18.00-19.30 Uhr) wird das Thema „KI in der medizinischen Robotik“ behandelt. Referieren werden Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel von der Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW (mit einem Vortrag zu Pflegerobotern aus ethischer Sicht), Prof. Dr. Manfred Hild von der Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin und Dr. Janina Loh von der Universität Wien. Weitere Informationen über interactionphilosophy.wordpress.com.
Abb.: Oliver Bendel bei einem Vortrag in Berlin (Foto: Daimler und Benz Stiftung)
Eine der weltweit wichtigsten Konferenzen für Roboterphilosophie und soziale Robotik, die ROBOPHILOSOPHY, fand vom 18. bis 21. August 2020 statt, nicht in Aarhus (Dänemark), wie ursprünglich geplant, sondern – wegen der COVID-19-Pandemie – in virtueller Form. Organisatoren und Moderatoren waren Marco Nørskov und Johanna Seibt. Ein beträchtlicher Teil der Vorträge war der Maschinenethik verpflichtet, etwa „Moral Machines“ (Aleksandra Kornienko), „Permissibility-Under-a-Description Reasoning for Deontological Robots“ (Felix Lindner) und „The Morality Menu Project“ (Oliver Bendel). Die Keynotes stammten von Selma Šabanović (Indiana University Bloomington), Robert Sparrow (Monash University), Shannon Vallor (The University of Edinburgh), Alan Winfield (University of the West of England), Aimee van Wynsberghe (Delft University of Technology) und John Danaher (National University of Ireland). Winfield zeigte sich in seinem herausragenden Referat skeptisch gegenüber moralischen Maschinen, woraufhin Bendel in der Diskussion deutlich machte, dass sie in manchen Bereichen nützlich, in anderen gefährlich sind, und die Bedeutung der Maschinenethik für die Erforschung der maschinellen und menschlichen Moral hervorhob, womit sich Winfield wiederum einverstanden zeigte. Die letzte Konferenz wurde 2018 in Wien durchgeführt. Keynoter waren damals u.a. Hiroshi Ishiguro, Joanna Bryson und Oliver Bendel. Die nächste ROBOPHILOSOPHY wird vermutlich, wie die Veranstalter am Ende der Veranstaltung, bekanntgaben, 2022 an der Universität Helsinki stattfinden.
The topic of the 12th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR 2020) is „Entertaining Robots“, which is meant to be – according to the organizers – a play on words signifying that robots can serve as captivating social agents but also suggesting the challenges associated with managing these artifacts. „In the near future robots will be entering our social world taking on a wide variety of roles. This conference offers a venue for researchers and those interested in social robots to examine the progress that is being made towards the creation of social robots. ICSR 2020 will foster discussion related to the innovative approaches to developing social robots, the promise new robotic technologies, and possible positive and negative influences of social robots on society.“ (Website ICSR) ICSR 2020 was supposed to take place in Colorado, but will be conducted in a virtual format because of concerns surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. Deadline for paper submission is 29 June 2020. More information via sites.psu.edu/icsr2020/.
Das von Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Buxbaum herausgegebene Buch „Mensch-Roboter-Kollaboration“ (Springer Gabler) ist seit Mai 2020 in elektronischer Form verfügbar, ab Sommer auch in gedruckter. Auf der Website des Verlags gibt es folgende Information hierzu: „Im Kontext der Industrie 4.0 sind ein wachsender Wettbewerbsdruck, immer größere Anforderungen an Flexibilität und Qualität und immer höhere Ansprüche der Stakeholder wahrnehmbar. In der bekannten Situation des demographischen Wandels entstehen zunehmend neue Assistenzsysteme, insbesondere in der Mensch-Roboter-Kollaboration (MRK). Diese Systeme arbeiten nicht mehr isoliert hinter Zäunen, sondern Hand in Hand mit den Menschen. Sie sollen den Menschen bei monotonen oder kraftraubenden Arbeiten unterstützen oder entlasten. Durch die direkte Zusammenarbeit von Mensch und Maschine rücken Arbeitssicherheit und Ergonomie zunehmend in den Fokus. Klärungsbedarf gibt es bei der Gestaltung von MRK-Arbeitsplätzen und bei der Akzeptanz dieser Arbeitsplätze. Auch neue Aufgabenfelder sind im Gespräch, die sich z.B. in Pflege und Medizin erschließen lassen. Arbeitspsychologie und Human Factors bekommen in der roboterbasierten Automatisierung eine neue, wichtige Bedeutung. Zudem stellt sich die ethische Frage, ob diese neuen Roboter auf längere Sicht den Menschen entlasten oder ersetzen.“ (Website Springer) Zudem ist folgender Hinweis zu finden: „Hintergrund dieser Veröffentlichung ist der Ladenburger Diskurs der Daimler und Benz Stiftung zum Thema MRK im März 2019. Dieser ist hervorragend besetzt mit einer deutlich interdisziplinären Ausrichtung, die in diesem Thema bislang einmalig ist. Die Teilnehmer sind Autoren dieses Buchs.“ (Website Springer) Zusätzlich wurde Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel eingeladen, der der wissenschaftliche Leiter des Ladenburger Diskurses 2017 zu Pflegerobotern und der wissenschaftliche Leiter des Berliner Kolloquiums 2019 zu Robotern in der Pflege war. Er nimmt, wie auch Prof. Dr. Hartmut Remmers, die philosophische Perspektive ein. Sein Beitrag trägt den Titel „Die Maschine an meiner Seite: Philosophische Betrachtungen zur Mensch-Roboter-Kollaboration“.
