Robophilosophy 2024 took place for three and a half days in Aarhus (Denmark). It is a biennial dedicated to social robotics. Alongside the ICSR, it is the most important conference in this field. The program was again very extensive. Workshops were held and presentations given in four different tracks. There were keynotes and plenary sessions by well-known names, from Wendell Wallach to Hiroshi Ishiguro. After a sunny start, it began to rain, which made it all the easier to concentrate on the scientific exchange. In the end, the sun came out again in time for the closing event. Johanna Seibt, the brains behind Robophilosophy, received a bouquet of flowers and a standing ovation. The experts will meet again in two years‘ time. Where has not yet been decided. A few potential hosts spoke up. Edinburgh would be an option, but so would California.
On the fourth day of Robophilosophy 2024, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Professor at the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, gave a talk entitled „AI Avatars and the Future Society“. From the abstract: „In this lecture, the presenter will report on the research and development of remotely operated robots and CG agents, also known as avatars. Avatar technology has advanced significantly in recent years, thanks to progress in AI technology. We will discuss the various services that can be deployed using avatars and the kind of society we can realize as a result.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024) After the lecture, the roboticist was questioned by Raja Chatila, Sorbonne University (France), and Mihaela Constantinescu, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest (Romania). Hiroshi Ishiguro had been a regular guest at Robophilosophy. In 2018, he appeared on site in Vienna.
The Robophilosophy community consists of philosophers, psychologists, roboticists, and representatives of other disciplines. It is a tradition for everyone to come together for a social event to get new inspiration and chat about their work and motivation in an informal atmosphere. This time, they attended a robot performance in the theater on the second day. On the third day, the conference dinner was held together in the rooftop restaurant of the AROS Art Museum. One of the highlights was the tour of the ninth floor. The Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson has created Your rainbow panorama which was officially opened in May 2011. You can see Aarhus with its church towers, residential buildings, streets, and people through the colorful panes. Afterwards, the tireless went out into the city’s nightlife.
On the third day of Robophilosophy 2024, Melanie Mitchell, Professor at the Santa Fe Institute (USA), gave a keynote speech entitled „AI’s Challenge to Understanding the World“. From the abstract: „I will survey a debate in the artificial intelligence (AI) research community on the extent to which current AI systems can be said to “understand” language and the physical and social situations language encodes. I will describe arguments that have been made for and against such understanding, hypothesize about what humanlike understanding entails, and discuss what methods can be used to fairly evaluate understanding and intelligence in AI systems.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024) In this keynote – as in previous keynotes and presentations – the restrictions of AI and generative AI were emphasized. In response to a question from an audience member, the potential was also acknowledged.
The Workshop „The Social Significance of Human Effort – What Are the Parameters For Positive Human-Robot Interaction In the Context of Industry 5.0?“ – organized by the renowned Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies (Pisa, Italy) – took place on the third day of Robophilosophy 2024. Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel gave the lecture „Metamorphoses in the Factory. From Classic Industrial Robots over Cobots and Classic Service Robots to Universal Robots“. From the abstract: „Robots play an important role in industry. In recent years, there have been interesting innovations in production and logistics. Large classic industrial robots are turning into small cobots. Cobots become service robots. Classic service robots are discovering the factory. Metamorphoses are taking place. This talk hypothesizes that recent developments will have a significant impact on workers and work. In particular, the precursors of universal robots could significantly change the factory of the future, just as they will change society as a whole. After all, with universal robots, the boundaries between industrial and service robots are becoming increasingly blurred.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024)
Fig.: Oliver Bendel in Denmark (Photo: Stefanie Hauske)
On the third day of Robophilosophy 2024, Katharina Kühne, doctoral student at the University of Potsdam, gave a talk entitled „Robots at Arm’s Length – Unveiling the Dynamics of Interpersonal Distance Preferences in Human-Robot Interactions“. From the abstract: „In social interactions, interpersonal distance influences relationships, provides protection, and regulates arousal. Despite the intuitive nature of adopting specific distances, little is known about comfortable interpersonal distances with social robots. The talk reports on a study where 66 participants saw individuals standing face-to-face with a robot at different distances and pressed a button when seeing a woman or a man. In line with the negativity bias hypothesis, suggesting quicker reaction times to negative stimuli, participants showed a preference for increased distances, resulting in longer reaction times. Human-likeness of robots moderated the link between distance and arousal. The most human-like robot was less liked and evoked higher arousal. These findings potentially have implications for designing social robots and optimizing interactions, particularly in educational or medical contexts.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024) The researcher’s presentation refers to the paper “Robots at arm’s length: Unveiling the dynamics of interpersonal distance preferences in human-robot interactions” by Katharina Kühne, Laura M. Zimmer, Melina Jeglinski-Mende, Oliver Bendel, Yuefang Zhou, and Martin Fischer. It will be published in autumn or winter 2024.
The third day of Robophilosophy 2024 featured numerous presentations and several workshops. The workshop „The Social Significance of Human Effort – What Are the Parameters For Positive Human-Robot Interaction In the Context of Industry 5.0?“ was organized by the renowned Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies (Pisa, Italy). The moderators were Professors Alberto Pirni and Paolo Dario as well as Oliver Bendel from the FHNW School of Business. They also presented, as did other participants such as Nicola Vitiello, Leonardo Massantini, Danica Kragic Jensfelt, and Margherita Pugnaletto. From the workshop abstract: „This workshop aims to develop a roadmap for understanding the impact of robotics on human employment within the context of Industry 5.0. The workshop explores key factors in this transition, including the risks and benefits of digital automation, ethical considerations regarding worker skills and well-being, and protective measures for workers and consumers. Focusing on the theme of sociocultural risks: devaluation of human labor, the workshop aims to reflect on traditional notions of work, productivity, and the value of human labor in the era of advancing robotics and automation. It challenges the concept of labor devaluation, assesses its impact on worker recognition and efficiency, and questions meritocratic paradigms. To facilitate interdisciplinary dialogue, the workshop engages philosophers and engineers in addressing ethical dilemmas in technology development. It explores the social significance of human effort and movement when interacting with autonomous robots and occupational exoskeletons. By examining these technologies‘ adaptability and role in human-machine interaction, especially in workplaces, the workshop intends to contribute to discussions on technological advances and their societal implications.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024)
On the second day of Robophilosophy 2024, David Chalmers, an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist, gave a keynote speech entitled „Does Generative AI Extend the Mind?“. From the website: „Prof. Chalmers is known worldwide, also outside of philosophy, for his contributions to consciousness research in ‚The Character of Consciousness‘ (2010), and in particular for identifying more clearly than anyone the tasks for a philosophical account of consciousness (‚the hard problem‘ of consciousness). Since recent advances in AI bring Chalmers‘ thought experiment of ‚philosophical zombies‘ closer to reality, in his current research he combines philosophy and a longstanding interest in AI for the exploration of the status of virtual reality … and the likelihood of creating artificial systems that fulfil the criteria of consciousness.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024) A key statement was: „As social AI systems become increasingly agent-like, they will decreasingly extend the mind …“ The final statement was: „The quest for agency and sociality in robotsmay stand in tension with considerations of both efficiency and morality.“ The audience applauded the witty and humorous talk.
On the second day of Robophilosophy 2024, Anthony Elliott, Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of South Australia, gave a keynote speech entitled „May AI Be With You: Agency and Automation in the Age of Algorithmic Modernity“. From the abstract: „From industrial robots to ChatGPT, and from driverless cars to military drones: AI is transforming all aspects of our lives, from the changing nature of work, employment and unemployment to the most intimate aspects of personal relationships. In this presentation, Anthony Elliott focuses on the complex systems of AI – spanning intelligent machines, chatbots, advanced robotics, accelerating automation, big data – and their centrality to new forms of social interaction, organizational life and governance. He argues, provocatively, that today modernity has come to mean smartphones, tablets, cloud computing, big data, automated recommendation systems and predictive analytics. This has heralded the arrival of what he terms ‚algorithmic modernity‘, an altogether new ’stage‘ in the ordering techniques of envisioned human mastery. In this automated order of algorithmic modernity, human agency is increasingly outsourced to smart machines. We should understand this phenomenon, Elliott argues, in terms of a containment of both uncertainty and complexity which the digital revolution in social relations poses, but which ultimately denies answers.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024) In his presentation, the sociologist emphasised the risks of AI rather than the opportunities.
Fig.: Anthony Elliott before his lecture (seated far left; standing David Gunkel and Johanna Seibt)
On the first day of Robophilosophy 2024, Wendell Wallach, one of the fathers of machine ethics, gave a keynote speech entitled „Re-envisioning Ethics: From Moral Machine to Extensive Regulation“. From the abstract: „Have we been underestimating the socio-technical challenges posed by ro(bot)s – physical systems and virtual bots? Many of the complexities inherent in managing intelligent systems can not be adequately met by scientific innovation, existing ethical constraints, or weak regulations forged by legislatures under the capture of the AI oligopoly. In spite of naive future projections, the science we have, and are likely to have in the near future, will not produce AI systems capable of making even satisfactory choices in complex situations where uncertainty reigns, multiple values converge, and the information available is inadequate to project meaningful consequences for various courses of action. AI will pose safety and security risks far beyond those being addressed by the pittance of investment presently directed to build trustworthy systems. Scientific humility is needed. Ethics must be reenvisioned and empowered to work through the plethora of socio-technical obstacles and trials ahead. A vast infrastruture to ensure AI safety will be required.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024) Wendell Wallach went far beyond these hints and gave an overview of the advances and setbacks in machine ethics and AI ethics in recent decades.
On August 20, 2024, Robophilosophy 2024 was opened with words of welcome from Maja Horst, Dean of the Faculty of Arts at Aarhus University, and Johanna Seibt, Professor of the School of Culture and Society at Aarhus University. The website says: „The international research conference RP2024 will discuss the questions that really matter in view of the new technological potential of social robotics. In over 100 research talks, RP2024 will address concrete and deep issues that reach far beyond safety and privacy concerns into the conceptual and normative fabric of our societies and individual self-comprehension.“ (Website Robophilosophy 2024) The first keynote on the first day of the conference was given by Wendell Wallach, one of the world’s best-known machine ethicists. With his book „Moral Machines“ (2009), he laid the foundation for a discipline that has been developing in science fiction and science for years and decades. This was followed in 2011 by „Machine Ethics“ by Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson. In addition to machine ethics, Robophilosophy is dedicated to robot ethics and other interesting perspectives on social robots.
„Mit dem Programm P-8 ‚Stärkung von Digital Skills in der Lehre‘ werden Projekte der Hochschulen im Bereich der Lehre unterstützt. Der Fokus liegt auf den digitalen Kompetenzen.“ Mit diesen Worten erklärt swissuniversities seine Fördermaßnahmen in diesem Bereich, die im Zeitraum von 2019 bis 2024 durch projektgebundene Beiträge des Bundes in Höhe von 30 Millionen CHF finanziert wurden. Bei der Abschlussveranstaltung in Bern am 2. September 2024 referiert Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel von der Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW zum Thema „Generative KI in der Lehre: Technische Möglichkeiten und ethische Herausforderungen“. Er geht u.a. auf Text- und Bildgeneratoren, auf GPTs – „custom versions of ChatGPT“, wie OpenAI sie nennt – und auf soziale Roboter ein. swissuniversities ist nach eigenen Angaben die gemeinsame Stimme der Schweizer Hochschulen und fördert die Zusammenarbeit und Koordination zwischen den Hochschulen und den verschiedenen Hochschultypen.
Abb.: Oliver Bendel diskutiert mit Gerd Scobel und Doris Weßels über generative KI
The deadline for the International Conference on Social Robotics 2024 (ICSR 2024) has been extended again. Experts in social robotics and related fields have until July 19 to submit their full papers. The prestigious event was last held in Florence (2022) and Qatar (2023). Now it enters its next round. The 16th edition will bring together researchers and practitioners working on human-robot interaction and the integration of social robots into our society. The title of the conference includes the addition „AI“. This is a clarification and demarcation that has to do with the fact that there will be two further formats with the name ICSR in 2024. ICSR’24 (ICSR + AI) will take place as a face-to-face conference in Odense, Denmark, from 23 to 26 October 2024. The theme of this year’s conference is „Empowering Humanity: The role of social and collaborative robotics in shaping our future“. The topics of the Call for Papers include „collaborative robots in service applications (in construction, agriculture, etc.)“, „Human-robot interaction and collaboration“, „Affective and cognitive sciences for socially interactive robots“, and „Context awareness, expectation, and intention understanding“. The general chairs are Oskar Palinko, University of Southern Denmark, and Leon Bodenhagen, University of Southern Denmark. More information is available at icsr2024.dk.
The deadline for the International Conference on Social Robotics 2024 (ICSR 2024) has been extended. Experts in social robotics and related fields have until July 12 to submit their full papers. The prestigious event was last held in Florence (2022) and Qatar (2023). Now it enters its next round. The 16th edition will bring together researchers and practitioners working on human-robot interaction and the integration of social robots into our society. The title of the conference includes the addition „AI“. This is a clarification and demarcation that has to do with the fact that there will be two further formats with the name ICSR in 2024. ICSR’24 (ICSR + AI) will take place as a face-to-face conference in Odense, Denmark, from 23 to 26 October 2024. The theme of this year’s conference is „Empowering Humanity: The role of social and collaborative robotics in shaping our future“. The topics of the Call for Papers include „collaborative robots in service applications (in construction, agriculture, etc.)“, „Human-robot interaction and collaboration“, „Affective and cognitive sciences for socially interactive robots“, and „Context awareness, expectation, and intention understanding“. The general chairs are Oskar Palinko, University of Southern Denmark, and Leon Bodenhagen, University of Southern Denmark. More information is available at icsr2024.dk.
Fig.: The venue of the conference (Photo: Jacob Christensen)
Bei der IDEepolis am 19. Juni 2024 wurden zwei Medienschaffende mit dem Medienethik-Award META ausgezeichnet. Dies meldete die Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart am darauffolgenden Tag. „In der Kategorie TV nahm Daniel Andrew Wunderer den Preis für seinen Film ‚Flash Wars – KI im Krieg‘ entgegen, der am 14. März 2024 im rbb Fernsehen lief. Der Film geht der Frage nach, wie sich Kriege und Konflikte verändern, wenn künftig KI und autonome Waffensysteme über Sieg und Niederlage entscheiden. Nach Ansicht der Jury gelingt dem Filmemacher ein außerordentliches Maß an Aufklärung, indem er das hochkomplexe und aktuelle Thema mittels zahlreicher Experten aus den verschiedensten Perspektiven und in seiner ganzen Breite und Tiefe darstellt. Dabei fächert er sämtliche ethische Fragestellungen auf und regt so enorm zur Reflexion an.“ (Medienmitteilung HdM, 20. Juni 2024) Die Laudatio hielt Jasmin Müller.
Bei der IDEepolis am 19. Juni 2024 wurden zwei Medienschaffende mit dem Medienethik-Award META ausgezeichnet. Dies meldete die Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart am darauffolgenden Tag. „In der Kategorie Radio überzeugte Carina Schroeder mit ihrem Beitrag „Dürfen wir Maschinen verletzen?“ für die Sendung Zeitfragen (Deutschlandfunk Kultur), ausgestrahlt am 15. Juni 2023. Sie stellt darin das Verhalten des Menschen gegenüber Robotern in den Fokus und zeigt auf, dass die titelgebende Frage kein bloßes Gedankenexperiment ist, sondern gesellschaftliche und ethische Relevanz für unsere Zukunft besitzt. Die Jury lobt die präzise und nachvollziehbare Analyse, mit der Carina Schroeder beschreibt, dass eine schlechte Behandlung von willenlosen Maschinen Rückwirkungen auf unsere Empathiefähigkeit haben und damit zu unserem eigenen Schaden sein kann.“ (Medienmitteilung HdM, 20. Juni 2024) Die Laudatio hielt Katharina Siebecke-Yrisarry.
Bei der Jahrestagung des Instituts für Digitale Ethik (IDE) der Hochschule der Medien am 19. Juni 2024 – der IDEepolis 2024 – ging es um humanoide Roboter, soziale Roboter und Serviceroboter aller Art. Dabei war sozusagen die Maschinenethik des deutschsprachigen Raums fast vollständig vertreten, in Person des Technikphilosophen und Wirtschaftsinformatikers Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel („Handbuch Maschinenethik“ – Springer VS) und der Philosophin Prof. Dr. Catrin Misselhorn („Grundfragen der Maschinenethik“ – Reclam). Beide veröffentlichen seit 2012 im Rahmen dieser Disziplin. Oliver Bendel hat seitdem auch zahlreiche Artefakte der Maschinenethik auf den Weg gebracht. Sein Vortrag trug den Titel „Es wird ein Mensch gemacht: Die Vision des universellen Roboters“. Dabei behandelte er am Rande moralische Maschinen ganz unterschiedlicher Art. Catrin Misselhorn ging auf „Künstliche Systeme zwischen Subjekten und Artefakten“ ein. Zudem referierten Prof. Dr. Armin Nassehi vom Institut für Soziologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München („Das Zusammenwirken von Mensch und Roboter aus soziologischer Perspektive“) und – zugeschaltet aus Japan – Prof. Dr. Christian Becker-Asano von der Hochschule der Medien („Roboter und Emotionen“).
Abb.: Oliver Bendel und Catrin Misselhorn bei der Podiumsdiskussion
Bei der Jahrestagung des Instituts für Digitale Ethik (IDE) der Hochschule der Medien am 19. Juni 2024 konnte man soziale Roboter wie MiRo und Andrea sowie Serviceroboter der ADLATUS Robotics GmbH bewundern. MiRo ist ein sozialer Roboter, der von der britischen Firma Consequential Robotics in Zusammenarbeit mit der University of Sheffield entwickelt wurde. Er ähnelt je nach Perspektive einem Hasen oder einem Hund, ist also animaloid gestaltet. Er hat mehrere Sensoren, acht Freiheitsgrade und eine Simulationssoftware. Die Firma schreibt auf ihrer Website: „MiRo-E’s friendly pet-like appearance and qualities stand out and appeal to everyone. Providing a sophisticated and technically advanced platform that can be utilised in multiple departments. Introduce new students into Robotics and CS, broaden research topics potential, and provide a brilliant outreach and public engagement tool.“ Auf dem Boden begegnete der hasenartige Roboterhund immer wieder den Reinigungsrobotern der ATLATUS Robotics GmbH.
In seiner Keynote „Es wird ein Mensch gemacht: Die Vision des universellen Roboters“ bei der IDEepolis am 19. Juni 2024 an der Hochschule der Medien ging Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel auf universelle Roboter ein. Er begann mit einem Zitat aus „Faust II“ und stellte dann die Fortschritte in den Bereichen vor, die für den Bau eines Serviceroboters der Zukunft notwendig sind. Er kam zu folgenden Schlussfolgerungen: „Ein Serviceroboter als universelle Maschine kann an Schulen und Hochschulen, im Büro, in der Fabrik, im Hoch- und Tiefbau, im Haushalt und in der Freizeit eingesetzt werden. Er kann Sachverhalte erläutern und darstellen, Blumen gießen, am Fließband stehen, Gleisarbeiten durchführen, die Spülmaschine ein- und ausräumen und den Hund Gassi führen. Er kann als Gesprächspartner ebenso dienen wie als Sportpartner oder Liebespartner. Die humanoide Gestaltung erlaubt dem Roboter, sich überall dort zu bewegen, wo wir uns selbst auch bewegen. Zugleich kann er übermenschliche Fähigkeiten haben, schneller sein als wir, stärker, robuster. Er kann mit Sensoren ausgestattet werden, die weit über die Leistungsfähigkeit unserer Sinne hinausgehen. Damit könnte er zum Partner werden, der unser Überleben sichert in einer zunehmend gefährlichen und feindlichen Umwelt, aber auch zum Gegner, der sich gegen uns wendet.“ Nach Oliver Bendel können Digit, Atlas, Figure 01, H1, G1 und andere Modelle als Vorstufen von universellen Robotern aufgefasst werden. Es ist nach seiner Ansicht wichtig, sie in geschlossenen oder halboffenen Welten wie Fabriken zu erproben, bevor man sie in offene Welten entlässt. Die Jahrestagung wurde von Prof. Dr. Petra Grimm und Prof. Dr. Oliver Zöllner durchgeführt. Das Programm ist hier abrufbar.
Abb.: Oliver Bendel bei seiner Keynote (Foto: Aaron Kubach)
Bei der Jahrestagung des Instituts für Digitale Ethik (IDE) der Hochschule der Medien am 19. Juni 2024 – der IDEepolis 2024 – geht es um humanoide Roboter, soziale Roboter und Serviceroboter aller Art. Dabei wird sozusagen die Maschinenethik des deutschsprachigen Raums fast vollständig vertreten sein, in Person des Technikphilosophen und Wirtschaftsinformatikers Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel („Handbuch Maschinenethik“ – Springer VS) und der Philosophin Prof. Dr. Catrin Misselhorn („Grundfragen der Maschinenethik“ – Reclam). Zudem referieren Prof. Dr. Armin Nassehi vom Institut für Soziologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München und Prof. Dr. Christian Becker-Asano von der Hochschule der Medien (zugeschaltet aus Japan). Aus dem Forschungsprojekt ZEN-MRI (www.zen-mri.de) werden Ideen zur Gestaltung von Robotern im öffentlichen Raum vorgestellt. Im Rahmen der Tagung findet zudem die 20. Verleihung des Medienethik-Awards META statt, in deren Rahmen laut IDE herausragende journalistische Beiträge zum Thema Mensch-Maschine von einer studentischen Jury prämiert werden. Die Keynote von Oliver Bendel trägt den Titel „Es wird ein Mensch gemacht: Die Vision des universellen Roboters“. Die Jahrestagung wird von Prof. Dr. Petra Grimm und Prof. Dr. Oliver Zöllner durchgeführt. Das Programm ist hier abrufbar.
The deadline for the International Conference on Social Robotics 2024 (ICSR 2024) is approaching. Experts in social robotics and related fields have until July 5 to submit their full papers. The prestigious event was last held in Florence (2022) and Qatar (2023). Now it enters its next round. The 16th edition will bring together researchers and practitioners working on human-robot interaction and the integration of social robots into our society. The title of the conference includes the addition „AI“. This is a clarification and demarcation that has to do with the fact that there will be two further formats with the name ICSR in 2024. ICSR’24 (ICSR + AI) will take place as a face-to-face conference in Odense, Denmark, from 23 to 26 October 2024. The theme of this year’s conference is „Empowering Humanity: The role of social and collaborative robotics in shaping our future“. The topics of the Call for Papers include „Collaborative robots in service applications (in construction, agriculture, etc.)“, „Human-robot interaction and collaboration“, „Affective and cognitive sciences for socially interactive robots“, and „Context awareness, expectation, and intention understanding“. The general chairs are Oskar Palinko, University of Southern Denmark, and Leon Bodenhagen, University of Southern Denmark. More information is available at icsr2024.dk.
Vom 25. bis 27. März 2024 fanden an der Stanford University die AAAI Spring Symposia statt. Eine der Veranstaltungen war der Frage gewidmet, wie generative KI das Wohlbefinden verbessern kann. Was macht man nach so einer KI-Konferenz? Eine Möglichkeit ist, nach San Francisco zu fahren. Es ist sicherlich eine der schönsten Städte der Welt. Eine andere Möglichkeit ist, in den Südosten zu gehen. Dort findet man einen der schönsten Nationalparks der Vereinigten Staaten, das Death Valley. Karl-May-Lesern wird er aus dem Roman „Im Tal des Todes“ bekannt sein. Im Frühjahr 2024 fand dort ein Naturschauspiel statt. In Badwater, wo normalerweise eine Salzschicht den Boden bedeckt, hatte sich ein flacher See gebildet. Er wird Lake Manly genannt. Anfang Juni 2024 dürfte sich die Situation ganz anders darstellen. Es wurden bis 50 Grad Celsius erreicht – selbst für den heißesten Ort der Welt zu dieser Jahreszeit eine Ausnahme. Der See ist dem Tod geweiht. Goodbye, Lake Manly!
