The article „Small Talk with a Robot Reduces Stress and Improves Mood“ by Katharina Kühne, Antonia L. Z. Klöffel, Oliver Bendel, and Martin H. Fischer was published on December 23, 2025. It is part of the volume „Social Robotics + AI: 17th International Conference, ICSR+AI 2025, Naples, Italy, September 10–12, 2025, Proceedings, Part III.“ From the abstract: „Research has demonstrated that social support is crucial in mitigating stress and enhancing mood. Not only do long-term, meaningful relationships contribute to well-being, but everyday social interactions, such as small talk, also offer psychological benefits. As social robots increasingly become more integrated into daily life, they present a potential avenue for stress interventions. In our online study, 98 participants underwent a stress induction using the Stroop task and were then assigned to one of three conditions: engaging in scripted small talk with a simulated NAO robot online, listening to a neutral story told by the same NAO robot, or no intervention (control condition). Results indicate that both interventions effectively reduced stress, with a tendency towards a stronger effect in the Small talk condition. Small talk not only helped maintain positive affect but also reduced negative affect. Notably, the benefits were more pronounced among individuals experiencing higher acute stress following the stress induction, but were less evident in those with chronically elevated stress levels. Furthermore, the effect of the intervention on stress reduction was mediated by changes in positive affect. These findings suggest that small talk with a social robot may serve as a promising tool for stress reduction and affect regulation.“ The first author, a researcher from the University of Potsdam, presented the paper on September 12, 2025, in Naples. It can be downloaded from link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-2398-6_1.
Fig.: Katharina Kühne together with Tamara Siegmann
The paper „The Universal Robot of the 21st Century“ by Oliver Bendel was published in February 2025 in the proceedings volume „Social Robots with AI: Prospects, Risks, and Responsible Methods“ … From the abstract: „Developments in several areas of computer science, robotics, and social robotics make it seem likely that a universal robot will be available in the foreseeable future. Large language models for communication, perception, and control play a central role in this. This article briefly outlines the developments in the various areas and uses them to create the overall image of the universal robot. It then discusses the associated challenges from an ethical and social science perspective. It can be said that the universal robot will bring with it new possibilities and will perhaps be one of the most powerful human tools in physical space. At the same time, numerous problems are foreseeable, individual, social, and ecological.“ The proceedings volume comprises the papers presented at Robophilosophy 2024 in Aarhus. Leading philosophers, computer scientists and roboticists met there in August. Like the ICSR, the conference is one of the world’s leading conferences on social robotics. General-purpose robots, the predecessors of universal robots, have now become widespread, as exemplified by Digit, Apollo, and Figure 03. The author accepted manuscript of this article is therefore being made freely available on this site for non-commercial use only and with no derivatives, in line with the publisher’s self-archiving policy.
Abb.: Ein malender Roboter bei der Biennale Architettura 2025
The 18th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR + Art 2026) will take place in London, UK, from 1–4 July 2026. ICSR is the leading international forum that brings together researchers, academics, and industry professionals from across disciplines to advance the field of social robotics. The conference has now opened its submission system, and full details can be found on the official ICSR 2026 submission page (icsr2026.uk/submission). Authors are invited to submit to a range of categories. Regular Papers for the Main Track should follow the guidelines provided on the conference website and be submitted by 15 February 2026. Special Session submissions follow the same Regular Paper instructions but are directed to individual sessions listed on the Special Sessions page. Short Papers follow their own dedicated instructions and are submitted through the same system. Competitions and Debates each have their own portals, with submissions due by 1 March 2026. Additional tracks such as the Robot Fringe and Travel Grants will be announced soon. All submission links and instructions are clearly detailed on the ICSR 2026 submission page, ensuring authors have everything they need to prepare their contributions for this major event in social robotics.
Fig.: The Senate Building (Photo: John Lord, CC BY-SA 2.0)
The Robophilosophy Conference 2026 will take place August 11–14 at University College Dublin in a hybrid format and centers on the theme „Connected Futures: Nature, Robots, and Society“. As robotics and AI become deeply embedded in human life, the conference invites researchers across disciplines to explore how autonomous systems shape society, ecology, law, labor, and human self-understanding. It raises questions about responsible design, accountability, environmental impact, social justice, cultural perspectives, and the ethics of coexistence with artificial agents. Workshop proposals are due January 16, session papers and posters February 6, with notifications in February and April and proceedings pre-submission on June 15. RP2026 aims to foster interdisciplinary dialogue that advances both technological insight and collective wisdom for a future in which humans and autonomous systems share social and ecological worlds. Further information is available at cas.au.dk/en/rpc2026.
Fig.: University College Dublin (Foto: Sharonlflynn, CC BY-SA 4.0)
The 18th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR + Art 2026) will take place in London, UK, from 1-4 July 2026. ICSR is the leading international forum that brings together researchers, academics, and industry professionals from across disciplines to advance the field of social robotics. As part of this edition, ICSR 2026 will host a series of live debates in the Debate Room (Senate Room), addressing pressing questions about social robots in society and culture. Debate proposals may focus on conceptual, ethical, scientific, artistic, practical, or societal aspects of social robotics and should connect broadly to the conference topics listed aticsr2026.uk/topics/. Submissions are open to contributors from social robotics, HRI, the arts, design, engineering, the humanities, and related areas, with interdisciplinary proposals particularly encouraged. Formats may include two-sided or multi-position debates, panel discussions, performative debates, or audience-engaged formats. In a nod to British debating traditions, participants are encouraged to wear academic gowns. Proposals are submitted viaicsr2026.uk/debate-proposal, with a submission deadline of 1 March 2026 and notification of acceptance by 15 April 2026.
The 18th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR + Art 2026) will take place in London, UK, from July 1–4, 2026. ICSR is the leading international forum that brings together researchers, academics, and industry professionals from across disciplines to advance the field of social robotics. The conference is accepting special session proposals on a rolling basis until the submission deadline. Approved sessions will be added here as they are confirmed. The deadline for submitting proposals for special sessions is 1 December 2025. Further information is available at icsr2026.uk. Two special sessions have already been accepted, namely „SS01: Cultural Robotics“ and „SS02: Participatory Futures in Social Robotics and AI“.
The 18th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR + Art 2026) will take place in London, UK, from 1-4 July 2026. ICSR is the leading international forum that brings together researchers, academics, and industry professionals from across disciplines to advance the field of social robotics. This year’s edition will be hosted at Senate House, part of the University of London, located in the heart of central London. The venue is within walking distance of many of the city’s main attractions and stations. Senate House has appeared in several famous films and series, including „Batman Begins“, „The Dark Knight Rises“, „Fast & Furious 6″, „No Time to Die“ (a James Bond film), „Nineteen Eighty-Four“, and the Netflix series „The Crown“. The building inspired George Orwell’s depiction of the Ministry of Truth in „1984″. Further information is available at icsr2026.uk.
Fig.: The famous Art Deco building (Photo: stevecadman/CC BY-SA 2.0)
Wearable Social Robots sind sehr kleine und zugleich äußerst leistungsfähige Systeme, die um den Hals, am Körper oder in einer Schulter- oder Handtasche getragen werden. Sie sind nicht nur Begleiter des Menschen, sondern werden ein Teil von ihm, indem sie seine Sinne und Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten erweitern. Der Artikel mit dem Titel „Dieser Roboter steht Ihnen aber gut!“ (Untertitel „Über das Phänomen der Wearable Social Robots“) von Oliver Bendel definiert den Begriff der Wearable Social Robots, stellt Anwendungsbereiche vor und erörtert soziale sowie ethische Herausforderungen. Zudem werden Empfehlungen für Entwickler und Benutzer gegeben. Es wird deutlich, dass Wearable Social Robots neuartige Werkzeuge sowie Erweiterungen oder Verbesserungen des Menschen darstellen, deren Möglichkeiten über jene von Apps auf Smartphones hinausgehen. Der Artikel ist am 25. September 2025 in Wiley Industry News erschienen, nicht nur in deutscher, sondern auch in englischer Sprache. Er kann über www.wileyindustrynews.com/de/fachbeitraege/dieser-roboter-steht-ihnen-aber-gut bzw. www.wileyindustrynews.com/en/contributions/that-robot-suits-you-well abgerufen werden.
The 18th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR + Art 2026) will take place in London, UK, from July 1–4, 2026. ICSR is the leading international forum that brings together researchers, academics, and industry professionals from across disciplines to advance the field of social robotics. For its 18th edition, the conference will feature the special theme ICSR + Art, exploring how robots can transcend their traditional roles to become tools and collaborators in creative practices. At the same time, the conference remains fully open to the entire spectrum of social robotics research, including human–robot interaction, medical and assistive robotics, AI and machine learning, ethics, design, education, cultural applications, and beyond. Accepted papers will be published in Springer’s Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI) series and indexed in major databases. In addition to regular and short papers, the program will include workshops and special sessions designed to foster exchange across disciplines and communities. Paper submissions are due by February 15, 2026, with notifications on April 15, 2026, and camera-ready papers due May 15, 2026. Proposals for workshops and special sessions are welcome until December 1, 2025. Further information is available at icsr2026.uk.
At the last session of the ICSR on September 12, 2025, Oliver Bendel presented his full paper titled „Wearable Social Robots for the Disabled and Impaired“. He began by defining the term wearable social robots, which he sees as a special form and combination of wearable robots and social robots. One example is AIBI, a small robot that he briefly wore around his neck during the talk. Wearable social robots can include functions for games and entertainment, information and learning, navigation and description, and combating loneliness and anxiety. Potential user groups include pupils and students, prison inmates, astronauts, and disabled and impaired persons. Franziska and Julia demonstrated in videos how they use AIBI as a companion and for social support. With this paper, Oliver Bendel continued his work in the field of inclusive AI and inclusive Robotics. The ICSR is one of the leading conferences for social robotics worldwide, and its 17th edition took place from September 10 to 12, 2025, in Naples, Italy. Mariacarla Staffa (University of Naples Parthenope, Italy), John-John Cabibihan (Qatar University, Qatar), and Bruno Siciliano (University of Naples Federico II) served as the main organizers. Over the course of the three days, 300 participants attended, contributing once again to the advancement of social robotics.
Fig.: Oliver Bendel at the beginning of his talk (Photo: Tamara Siegmann)
At the last day of the ICSR on September 12, 2025, Katharina Kühne presented her full paper titled „Small Talk with a Robot Reduces Stress and Improves Mood“ (written together with Antonia L. Z. Klöffel, Oliver Bendel, and Martin H. Fischer). Previous research has shown that social support reduces stress and improves mood. This study tested whether small talk with a social robot could be helpful. After performing a stressful task, 98 participants either chatted with a NAO robot, listened to the robot tell a neutral story, or did not interact with the robot. Both robot interactions reduced stress – particularly small talk, which also boosted positive mood. The effects were stronger in participants with high acute stress. Positive affect played a key role in stress reduction, suggesting that robot-mediated small talk may be a useful tool for providing emotional support. Dr. Katharina Kühne and Prof. Dr. Martin H. Fischer are researchers at the University of Potsdam. Antonia L. Z. Klöffel assists Katharina Kühne as a junior scientist. Martin Fischer is the head of the Potsdam Embodied Cognition Group (PECoG). Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel is an associated researcher with PECoG.
The third and final day of ICSR 2025, September 12, 2025, began with a keynote speech by Jérôme Monceaux entitled „Emotivation by Design: The Mirokaï“. Present was one of the Mirokaï, spectacular robots that roll on a sphere, the female Miroka. Jérôme Monceaux’s keynote traced the evolution of robotics toward more intuitive, inspiring, and joyful interactions. From the iconic Nao and Pepper robots at Aldebaran to the latest generation of social robots, The Mirokaï by Enchanted Tools, his innovative approach reshaped design, mobility, and user experience. He shared his vision for humanoid robots built to support people in everyday life and work. By combining bold engineering with endearing character design, embodied AI, and meaningful storytelling, Jérôme Monceaux and his team created a cohesive hardware and software ecosystem that integrated naturally into social environments – especially in care settings like senior living and pediatric hospitals. The approximately 300 participants watched enthusiastically as the inventor and visionary spoke to Miroka on stage and handed it a bubble flower, which it accepted and used.
Fig.: Oliver Bendel with Miroka in Naples (Photo: Tamara Siegmann)
The ICSR is one of the leading conferences for social robotics worldwide, and its 17th edition will take place from 10 to 12 September 2025 in Naples, Italy. As part of the program, the Young Leaders Committee invites participants to join a variety of activities designed to inspire exchange, creativity, and community spirit. Highlights include a photo contest where up to three photos can be submitted to capture the atmosphere of ICSR + AI 2025, with the winning entry featured at next year’s event. The PhD Corner offers a daily space for 30-minute themed sessions on topics such as writing, career paths, academic tools, and well-being, encouraging open discussion and networking. In addition, spontaneous meetups provide a relaxed environment for sharing ideas, making friends, and enjoying the moment together. The Young Leaders Committee, represented by Lorenzo D’Errico from the University of Naples Federico II in Italy, Tamara Siegmann from the FHNW School of Business in Switzerland, and Nihan Karataş from Nagoya University in Japan, ensures that these activities will make ICSR + AI 2025 an unforgettable experience.
Mariacarla Staffa (University of Naples Parthenope, Italy) opened the ICSR 2025 on September 10, 2025, together with Bruno Siciliano (University of Naples Federico II). The ICSR is one of the leading conferences for social robotics worldwide. The 17th edition takes place from 10 to 12 September 2025 in Naples, Italy. Daniela Rus (MIT) then gave her keynote speech on „Physical AI“. From the abstract: „In today’s robot revolution a record 3.1 million robots are now working in factories, doing everything from assembling computers to packing goods and monitoring air quality and performance. A far greater number of smart machines impact our lives in countless other ways – improving the precision of surgeons, cleaning our homes, extending our reach to distant worlds – and we’re on the cusp of even more exciting opportunities. Future machines, enabled by recent advances in AI, will come in diverse forms and materials, embodying a new level of physical intelligence. Physical Intelligence is achieved when AI’s power to understand text, images, signals, and other information is used to make physical machines such as robots intelligent. However, a critical challenge remains: balancing AI’s capabilities with sustainable energy usage. To achieve effective physical intelligence, we need energy-efficient AI systems that can run reliably on robots, sensors, and other edge devices. In this talk I will discuss the energy challenges of foundational AI models, I will introduce several state space models and explain how they achieve energy efficiency, and I will talk about how state space models enable physical intelligence.“ The approximately 300 participants at the renowned conference on social robotics applauded and then went on to parallel sessions featuring lectures, workshops, and poster presentations. The booklet provides an overview of the entire program.
Die ICSR, die neben der Robophilosophy führende Konferenz zur Sozialen Robotik, findet vom 10. bis 12. September 2025 in Neapel (Italien) statt. General Chair ist Mariacarla Staffa, General Co-Chair John-John Cabibihan. Zwei Mitglieder der Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW sind gleich in mehreren Rollen vertreten. Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel stellt am letzten Tag sein Paper „Wearable Social Robots for the Disabled and Impaired“ vor. Davor präsentiert Dr. Katharina Kühne (Universität Potsdam), seine ehemalige Doktorandin, ihr Paper „Small Talk with a Robot Reduces Stress and Improves Mood“ (mit Antonio L. Z. Klöffel, Oliver Bendel und Prof. Dr. Martin H. Fischer). Am ersten Tag findet der Workshop „Social Robotics Girl Becomes a Social Robot“ von Oliver Bendel und Tamara Siegmann (ebenfalls Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW) sowie Leo Angelo Cabibihan (Roboticscool, Qatar) und Prof. Dr. John-John Cabibihan (Qatar University, Qatar) statt. In einer der Pausen präsentieren Tamara Siegmann und Oliver Bendel ihr Paper „Wearable Social Robots in Space“ in der Postersession. Oliver Bendel ist am Tag darauf Chair der Session „Applications in Real-World Case Studies“ (mit Cristina Gena). Oliver Bendel und Tamara Siegmann haben die ICSR seit mehreren Monaten unterstützt, er als Chair des Publicity Committee, sie als Member des Young Leaders Committee. Mit Stephan Vonschallen ist noch ein weiterer Mitarbeiter der Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW vertreten. Das Paper, bei dem er Erstautor ist, trägt den Titel „Knowledge-based design requirements for persuasive generative social robots in eldercare“.
Animal-machine interaction (AMI) is a discipline or field of work that deals with the interaction between animals and machines. This is how Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel explains it in the Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon. It is primarily concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of complex machines and computer systems with which animals interact and which in turn interact and communicate with animals. There are close links to animal-computer interaction (ACI). Increasingly, the machine is a robot that is either remote-controlled or (partially) autonomous. In „The Robodog Project“ – also known as „Bao Meets Pluto“ – the encounters between robotic quadrupeds and small to medium-sized dogs are explored. The project collaborator is Selinar Rohr, who is writing her bachelor’s thesis in this context. The walking, running, and jumping Unitree Go2 from Oliver Bendel’s private Social Robots Lab is in its original state or is wearing a head made with a 3D printer provided by Norman Eskera. The project is being carried out at the FHNW School of Business and will end on August 12, 2025, after which the results will be presented to the community and, if possible, to the general public.
Fig.: The project is about encounters between robotic quadrupeds and dogs
Chatbots, voice assistants, and robots – both programmable machines and social robots – had been used in learning for decades. At the GROUND 2025 Workshop on 30 June 2025, held as part of the IAS 2025 in Genoa, Italy, Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel from the FHNW School of Business in Switzerland presented his own projects from the past 15 years. Some of his chatbots and voice assistants, such as GOODBOT, BESTBOT, and SPACE THEA, recognized user problems and responded appropriately. They demonstrated empathy and emotion. Pepper had been used as an educational application for children with diabetes, and Alpha Mini served as an educational tool in elementary schools. Chatbots for dead, endangered, and extinct languages such as @ve, @llegra, and kAIxo were designed to be integrated into learning environments for all age groups. In recent years, the technology philosopher and information systems expert primarily used GPT-based systems such as Social Robotics Girl and Digital Ethics Girl in his courses. These systems were capable of receiving and answering questions from multiple students simultaneously, even when the questions were asked in different languages. Thanks to prompt engineering and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), they became specialists in their respective domains. In his keynote „Robots, chatbots, and voice assistants in the classroom“, Oliver Bendel asked how chatbots, voice assistants, and social robots would be designed as adaptive systems for multi-user settings in the future. These capabilities were considered especially important in classroom environments.
Fig.: Oliver Bendel in Genoa (Photo: Giulia Pusceddu)
The International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR) has announced its third keynote speaker. Anouk Wipprecht, a pioneering Dutch fashion designer, is at the forefront of the FashionTech movement. She blends fashion design with engineering, science, and user experience. She is known for her visionary approach to wearable technology and creates technological couture – clothing that actively communicates, responds, and evolves with the wearer. Her groundbreaking designs, such as the iconic Intel-Edison-powered Spider Dress, use sensors and artificial intelligence to respond to the wearer’s stress levels and external stimuli, thereby transforming garments into intelligent, expressive systems. Her work reimagines fashion as a dynamic interface between humans and their environments. Through her collaborations with Intel Corporation, Google, Microsoft, AUDI AG, Autodesk, and others, Wipprecht continues to redefine how we wear and experience technology. Her creations challenge traditional fashion norms and open new dialogues between bodies, machines, and the spaces we inhabit. More information is available at icsr2025.eu.
Fig.: Anouk Wipprecht is the third keynote speaker (Image: ICSR 2025)
The market for wearable social robots remains relatively small. As illustrated by the case of AIBI, early models often face typical teething problems, with user forums filled with questions and complaints. Nevertheless, these technologies hold potential for a wide range of future applications, offering support and benefits not only to healthy individuals but also to people with disabilities or impairments. The paper „Wearable Social Robots for the Disabled and Impaired“ by Oliver Bendel explores this topic in depth. It defines wearable social robots and situates them within the broader category of wearable robotics. The paper presents several examples and outlines potential application areas specifically for individuals with disabilities. It also addresses key social, ethical, economic, and technical challenges, building on the preceding analysis. The paper has been accepted for presentation at ICSR 2025, which will take place in Naples from September 10 to 12.
Following the recent news that French robotics company Aldebaran has entered judicial liquidation, RobotLAB has issued a press release to reassure customers and partners of continued support for NAO and Pepper robots. A new company, NAO Robotics SA, is being formed to acquire Aldebaran’s intellectual property and engineering team. Development on the next-generation NAO V7 has already resumed. RobotLAB, a long-time NAO partner since 2009, remains fully operational with robots, parts, and support services in stock. With over 6,500 NAO robots deployed, the company continues to provide training, repairs, and educational tools, including the recently launched NAO AI Edition with ChatGPT integration. RobotLAB emphasized there will be no disruption for current customers and views this transition as a new beginning for the NAO platform.
On June 2, 2025, Aldebaran announced the end of the „Aldebaran Story“ in a video. The video recounts the history of the company. Founded in 2005 by Bruno Maissonier of France, NAO, one of the best-known social robots to date, was launched the following year. The company has sold 20,000 units, primarily to universities and research institutes. These institutions then developed applications for children and the elderly. In 2012, SoftBank invested in the company so that Pepper could be built. Seventeen thousand units were produced. They sold out in 2024. Once again, researchers and developers created numerous applications for Pepper. In 2021, the United Robotics Group, backed by the RAG Foundation, invested in the company and moved production back to Paris. That marked the beginning of the end. Plato was created as a competitor to the Chinese BellaBot. However, Aldebaran’s and the United Robotics Group’s problems were apparent by the beginning of 2025. In March, Aldebaran announced its insolvency. Buyers were sought, but to no avail. At the beginning of June, the company announced the end of its history.
Fig.: Oliver Bendel with Pepper on the fringes of an event
The workshop „Social Robotics Girl Becomes a Social Robot“ is part ot the ICSR 2025 in Naples. Workshop leaders are Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel (FHNW School of Business), Tamara Siegmann (FHNW School of Business), Leo Angelo Cabibihan (Roboticscool, Qatar), and Prof. Dr. John-John Cabibihan (Qatar University). Social Robotics Girl is a chatbot – a so-called custom GPT – used in social robotics courses by Oliver Bendel, e.g., in the „Soziale Roboter“ („Social Robots“) elective module at the FHNW School of Business. It was supplemented with manuscripts on social robotics with the help of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). It is available via chatgpt.com/g/g-TbhZSZaer-social-robotics-girl … The hands-on workshop explores how to extend Social Robotics Girl beyond a digital assistant into a physical, embodied social robot. By integrating the GPT into a simple humanoid robotic structure, such as a robotic head or bust, participants will examine how embodiment (in the specific and general sense) can influence functionality, user interaction, and perceived social presence. Further information is now available on both the ICSR 2025 and workshop websites.
